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Aufhor: CW sign
(Indonesian CPDS researcher)
Indonesia, as the largest archipelago nation in the world located in the Pacific Ring of Fire, has a high vulnerability to various natural disasters., 2023. Disaster is an event that upsets normal conditions and causes an impact on society (Hakam, 2019). The Indonesian geographic position is at the meeting of three major tectonic plates - the Australian plate, the Eurasian plate, and the Pacific Plate - making Indonesia extremely vulnerable to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions (Amanah et al, 2017). Moreover, tropical climate conditions with high rainfall often cause floods and landslides. This combination of factors makes Indonesia one of the countries at the risk of the world's highest natural disaster. In addition to geological disasters, Indonesia is also vulnerable to hydrometeorological disasters such as floods, landslides, and drought (Choo & Yoon, 2024; Riyanto, 2014). It's an intense rainy season, especially in densely populated areas like Jakarta, often causing floods that interfere with economic activity and daily life. The landslides often occur in hill areas and mountains, which are exerted by deforestation and the change in land benefits. It's also a serious problem in some areas, interfering with agriculture and food resistance.
